Of the dendrite in response to physiological stimuli. The possibility of high-resolution imaging of living neurons with various GFP-tagged reporters along with calcium imagingĪnd electrophysiological recording allows simultaneous real-time monitoring of morphological and electrophysiological changes The available tools were simply inadequate to tackle such a daunting task these limitations have been overcome largely byĪ number of technical advances over the past decade (for review, see Scott and Luo 2001). Known about the molecular basis of dendrite development and plasticity. Not fail to notice that the majority of his beautiful drawings feature dendrites of various types of neurons-very little is Play critical roles in determining how the dendrite integrates signals that impinge upon a neuron.ĭespite the obvious interests of neurobiologists in dendrites-one can open any one of the classics by Ramón y Cajal and will As will be described below, the geometry of dendritic branches as well as the distribution of synapses and signaling molecules
Process information in isolation or in consultation with the rest of the neuron ( Eilers and Konnerth 1997 Hausser et al. The history of synaptic inputs further exerts dynamic influence over the extent to which individual dendritic branches Variables in learning and memory ( Elston and Rosa 1998 Elston et al. For example, compared with cortical neurons involved in relatively simple sensory processing tasks, much more elaborateĭendrites are associated with pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex responsible for associating sensory, motor, and affective Neuron can process intelligently the size and complexity of the dendrite appear to vary according to the task of the neuron The extent and pattern of dendritic branching determines the range and scope of synaptic inputs a 2000).įrom the neuronal signaling point of view, it has become increasingly clear that dendrites can perform quite sophisticated See Bailey and Kandel 1993 Malenka and Nicoll 1999 Malinow et al. This ability to change with experience is believed to be part of the cellular basis for learning and memory (for review, 2000 Segal and Andersen 2000 Cline 2001 Shi et al. 1998 Engert and Bonhoeffer 1999 Maletic-Savatic et al. Undergo rapid changes within minutes in response to physiological stimuli ( Mantyh et al. Further, dendritic morphology and the distribution of signaling molecules in dendrites are highly plastic. Subregions such as dendritic spines and signaling molecules such as transmitter receptors and ion channels localized to disinctĭomains. The problem of dendritic morphogenesis goes beyond the branching pattern, because on any given branch there are distinct Simpler morphology (for review, see Hogan 1999). Such as trachea or blood vessels, for those tubular structures are formed by the collaboration of multiple cells, each with To have some unique features and differ substantially from those regulating the formation of other highly branched structures The cellular mechanisms controlling the formation of these elaborate cellular structures are likely For example, a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum can elaborate remarkably complex yet In this review, we will first consider the functional implications of dendritic branching patterns and then discuss dendriteįormation and possible commonality between dendrite development and synaptic plasticity.įrom the cell biological point of view, the elaborate and stereotyped dendritic branching of a neuron is a striking example Input received by a neuron ( Stuart et al. The dendriticīranching pattern varies to a great extent with the neuronal type, and is an important determinant of the synaptic or sensory Regardless of whether they receive sensory or synaptic input, the dendrites are the antennae of the neurons. These sensory stimuli induce receptor potentials in the dendrite, analogous to the synaptic potentials generatedĪt the synapse ( Hille 2001). Of many sensory neurons are sensory endings that transduce signals from the external environment, such as mechanical or chemical It is worth noting that not all dendrites receive synaptic input. Most likely, synapse formation involves two-way communications between the presynapticĬell and the postsynaptic cell. Just passive participants in this process. To make synapses with the correct targets, which are usually the dendrites of the postsynaptic neurons. The axon of a presynaptic neuron needs to be properly guided Synapse formation involves two partners, axons and dendrites. San Francisco, California 94143-0725, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco,.
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